*TM 1-1500-204-23-5Change 31-5/(1-6 blank)Mechanical advantage is the ratio between theresistance and the effort applied to a lever. This is ex-pressed in the following formula:Proper use of mechanical advantage enables arelatively small force to overcome a larger resisting forceby applying the effort through a longer distance than theresistance is moved. For example, to lift a 4--poundweight (R) which is 2 inches from the fulcrum of a Type1 lever requires 1 pound of effort (E) applied 8 inchesfrom the fulcrum. The mechanical advantage of this leverwould be as follows:Thus, the applied effort in the example wouldmove through a distance that is four times greater thanthe distance the resistance would move.(2)Moment of Force. A moment of force is theproduct of a force or weight and a distance. To find alever’s moment of force, multiply the applied effort by thedistance between the point of effort application and thepivot point (fulcrum). If the moment of force of the appliedeffort equals the moment of force of the resistance, thelever will balance. If an object to be balanced on a Type1 lever weighs 4 pounds and is located 2 inches from thefulcrum, it could be balanced by a 2--pound effort applied4 inches from the fulcrum on the opposite side or by a1--pound effort applied 8 inches from the fulcrum.g.Vibration. Any type of machine vibrates. Howev-er, greater than normal vibration usually means that thereis a malfunction. Malfunctions can be caused by wornbearings, out--of--balance conditions, or loose hardware.If allowed to continue unchecked, vibrations can causematerial failure or machine destruction. Aircraft -- particu-larly helicopters -- have a high vibration level due to theirmany moving parts. Designers have been forced to usemany different dampening and counteracting methods tokeep vibrations at acceptable levels. Some examplesare:D Driving secondary parts at different speeds toreduce harmonic vibrations; this method removesmuch of the vibration buildup.D Mounting high--level vibration parts such as driveshafting on shock--absorbent mounts.D Installing vibration absorbers in high--level vibra-tion areas of the airframe.(1)Lateral. Lateral vibrations are evident inside--to--side swinging rhythms. An out--of--balance rotorblade causes this type of vibration. Lateral vibrations inhelicopter rotor systems are quite common.(2)Vertical. Vertical vibrations are evident inup--and--down movement that produces a thumping ef-fect. An out--of--track rotor blade causes this type vibra-tion.(3)High--Frequency. High--frequencyvibra-tions are evident in buzzing and a numbing effect on thefeet and fingers of crew members. High--frequency vibra-tions are caused by an out--of--balance condition or ahigh--speed, moving part that has been torqued incor-rectly. The balancing of high--speed parts is very impor-tant. Any build--up of dirt, grease, or fluid on or insidesuch a part (drive shafting, for example) causes a high--frequency vibration. This type vibration is more danger-ous than a lateral or vertical one because it causes crys-tallization of metal, which weakens it. This vibration mustbe corrected before the equipment can be operated.(4)Ground Resonance. Ground resonance isthe most dangerous and destructive of the vibrationsdiscussed here. Ground resonance can destroy a heli-copter in a matter of seconds. It is present in helicopterswith articulated rotor heads. Ground resonance occurswhile the helicopter is on the ground with rotors turning;it will not happen in flight. Ground resonance resultswhen unbalanced forces in the rotor system cause thehelicopter to rock on the landing gear at or near its naturalfrequency. Correcting this problem is difficult becausethe natural frequency of the helicopter changes as lift isapplied to the rotors. With all parts working properly, thedesign of the helicopter landing gear, shock struts, androtor blade lag dampeners will prevent the resonancebuilding up to dangerous levels. Improper adjustment ofthe landing gear shock struts, incorrect tire pressure, anddefective rotor blade lag dampeners may cause groundresonance. The quickest way to remove ground reso-nance is to hover the helicopter clear of the ground.
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